Effects of bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide with calcium or amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel mineral content and hardness / Asociación entre la severidad de Hipomineralización Incisivo-Molar (HIM) y lesiones cavitadas de caries en escolares

ABSTRACT This study evaluated enamel mineral content and surface microhardness before and after bleaching treatment using 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) containing calcium (Ca) or amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Thirty-six bovine slabs were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n = 12) according to bleaching treatment: G1 - Opalescence PF 10% (CP), G2 -NiteWhite ACP (CP+ACP), and G3 - Opalescence PF (10%) with calcium (CP+CA). The bleaching agent was applied on enamel surface for 6 h/day over a period of 21 days. Enamel surface was evaluated by Knoop microhardness (KNH) and micro energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (p-EDXRF) at baseline and at after bleaching treatment. Data were statistically analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). There was a significant decrease in microhardness after bleaching treatments for all study groups, but no difference between bleaching gels. There was no difference in the Ca/P ratio measured by p-EDXRF for all groups at the study times, but the mean value was lower in group CP+CA than in group CP+ACP. Group CP was similar to both CP+ACP and CP+CA. It can be concluded that enamel microhardness decreased after the bleaching process, regardless of the presence of calcium or ACP, but there was no significant change in the Ca/P ratio of enamel after bleaching for each tested gel. This indicates that the bleaching gels have erosive potential, causing softening of enamel without promoting surface loss, regardless of the presence of calcium of ACP ions.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou o conteúdo mineral do esmalte e a microdureza superficial antes e após o tratamento clareador, utilizando peróxido de carbamida 10% (PC) contendo cálcio (Ca) ou fosfato de cálcio amorfo (ACP) em sua composigao. Trinta e seis espécimes de esmalte bovino foram alocados aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n = 12) de acordo com os tratamentos clareadores: G1 - Opalescence PF 10% (CP), G2 -NiteWhite (CP+ACP); e G3 - Opalescence PF (10%) com cálcio (CP + CA). O agente clareador foi aplicado na superficie do esmalte por 6 h/dia por um periodo de 21 dias. A superficie do esmalte foi avaliada por microdureza Knoop (KNH) e espectrometria de fluorescencia de raios X micro-dispersiva (p-EDXRF) no inicio e após o tratamento clareador. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA de medidas repetidas e Tukey (a = 0,05). Houve uma diminuigao significativa da microdureza após os tratamentos clareadores para todos os grupos estudados, mas nao houve diferenga entre os diferentes géis. Nao houve diferenga da relagao Ca/P mensurada por p-EDXRF para todos os grupos nos tempos estudados; no entanto, o grupo CP+CA apresentou menor valor comparado ao grupo CP+ACP. O grupo CP foi similar aos grupos CP+ACP e CP+CA. Portanto, pode-se concluir que houve redugao significativa da microdureza do esmalte após o clareamento, independente da presenga de cálcio ou APC na composigao dos géis, embora nao tenha havido alteragao significando na relagao Ca/P do esmalte após o clareamento. Isto indica um potencial erosivo dos géis clareadores, causando o amolecimento sem perda da estrutura do esmalte, independente da presenga dos íons cálcio e ACP.

Effects of experimental bleaching agents on the mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels

Abstract High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can cause adverse effects on composition and structure of teeth. However, the addition of calcium and fluoride in bleaching agents may reduce enamel demineralization. Objective: To evaluate chemical changes of sound and demineralized enamels submitted to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide containing fluoride (F) or calcium (Ca). Material and Methods: Enamel blocks of bovine incisors with standard dimensions were obtained and half of them were submitted to pH-cycling to promote initial enamel caries lesions. Sound and demineralized enamel samples were divided into (n=10): (C) Control (no whitening treatment); (HP) 35% hydrogen peroxide; and two experimental groups: (HPF) 35% HP+0.2% F and (HPC) 35% HP+0.2% Ca. Experimental groups were submitted to two in-office bleaching sessions and agents were applied 3 times for 15 min to each session. The control group was kept in remineralizing solution at 37°C during the bleaching treatment. The surface mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels was determined through Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), Energy dispersive Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-EDXRF); and the subsurface, through cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH). In addition, polarized light microscopy (PLM) images of enamel subsurface were observed. Results: According to three-way (FT-Raman and μ-EDXRF analyses) or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (CSMH) and Tukey test (α=5%), the calcium or fluoride added to high-concentrated bleaching agents increased phosphate and carbonate concentrations on sound and demineralized enamels (p<0.05). However, HPC and HPF were unable to completely reverse the subsurface mineral loss promoted by bleaching on sound and demineralized enamels. The calcium/ phosphate (Ca/P) ratio of sound enamel decreased after HP treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even though experimental bleaching agents with Ca or F reduced mineral loss for both sound and demineralized enamel surfaces, these agents were unable to reverse the enamel subsurface demineralization.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Vriesea reitzii (Bromeliaceae), a species from the Southern Brazilian Highlands

Abstract The Southern Brazilian Highlands are composed by a mosaic of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) and grassland formations, an interesting landscape for the study of population structure. We analyzed the genetic diversity within and among populations of the MOF-endemic bromeliad Vriesea reitzii by genotyping seven nuclear microsatellite loci in 187 individuals from six populations. We characterized levels of genetic diversity and assessed the genetic structure among populations. Vriesea reitzii populations showed high levels of genetic variation (number of alleles 28 - 43, allelic richness 3.589 - 5.531) and moderate levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.123, RST = 0.096). The high levels of genetic diversity may be explained by species life-history traits, such as habit and mating system. The moderate structure may be a product of the combination of ancient and contemporary gene flow, resulting from the expansion of the forest in the Holocene, and/or due to facilitated dispersal mediated by the MOF's mosaic landscape. The genetic results indicated no imminent threat to this bromeliad. However, the species is highly associated with the MOF, putting landscape conservation at the center of conservation efforts for the species' maintenance.

Molecular and morphological surface analysis: effect of filling pastes and cleaning agents on root dentin

Abstract The quality of the dentin root is the most important factor for restoration resin sealing and drives the outcome of endodontic treatment. Objective This study evaluated the effect of different filling pastes and cleaning agents on the root dentin of primary teeth using Fourier-transformed Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), micro energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µ-EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. Material and Methods Eighty roots of primary teeth were endodontically prepared and distributed into 4 groups and filled according to the following filling pastes: Control-no filling (CP), Calen®+zinc oxide (CZ), Calcipex II® (CII), Vitapex® (V). After seven days, filling paste groups were distributed to 4 subgroups according to cleaning agents (n=5): Control-no cleaning (C), Ethanol (E), Tergenform® (T), 35% Phosphoric acid (PA). Then, the roots were sectioned and the dentin root sections were internally evaluated by FT-Raman, µ-EDXRF and SEM. Data was submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results Regarding filling pastes, there was no significant difference in organic content. CP provided the lowest calcium values and, calcium/phosphoric ratio (Ca/P), and the highest phosphoric values. For cleaning agents there was no difference in organic content when compared to the C; however, T showed significantly higher calcium and Ca/P than PA. All groups showed similar results for phosphorus. The dentin smear layer was present after use of the cleaning agents, except PA. Conclusion The filling pastes changed the inorganic content, however they did not change the organic content. Cleaning agents did not alter the inorganic and organic content. PA cleaned and opened dentin tubules.

Evaluation of inorganic and organic bone components after application of an apatite-coated Al2O3 implants as scaffolds for bone repair

The aim of this work was to study the influence of uncoated and apatite-coated Al2O3 implants on bone regeneration after 30 days of surgery in New Zealand white rabbits. Twelve samples of Al2O3 implants were prepared and half of them (n = 6) were apatite-coated by the modified biomimetic method. Three experimental groups were tested as Group C - control, surgery procedure without cerami c implant, Group Ce - uncoated Al 2O3 implants (n = 6) and Group CeHA - apatite-coated Al2O3 implants (n = 6). The mineralization of the Al2O3 implants was analyzed in bone fragments using FT-Raman spectroscopy. Raman peaks at 959 cm-1 and 2940 cm-1 evaluated the inorganic and organic bone content, respectively. In vivo citotoxicity was analyzed using micronucleus test. Inorganic and organic content were higher in CeHA samples than in Ce and C (CeHA > Ce > C). FT-Raman spectroscopy showed that the higher the deposition of the organic matrix, more mineralization occurred. The micronucleus test showed that the uncoated and apatite-coated Al2O3 implants were non-cytotoxic and safe to in vivo applications.

Effects of various hydrogen peroxide bleaching concentrations and number of applications on enamel

AIM: To evaluate the effects of three hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentrations on enamel mineral content (MC), following three peroxide applications and using three methods to measure the MC. METHODS : Forty samples were obtained from bovine incisors and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). The control group remained untreated, while the experimental groups were tested for three HP concentrations (10%, 35% and 50%). The HP gel was applied 3 times on the enamel surface for 30 min per application and the samples were analyzed after each application. The MC of the enamel was determined before and after bleaching using Fourier transform (FT-Raman) spectroscopy and micro energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µEDXRF). The calcium (Ca) lost from the bleached enamel was quantified with an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett´s tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The FT-Raman showed a decrease in MC for all bleaching treatments, without influence of the different HP concentrations or the number of applications. µEDXRF did not detect any changes in MC. CONCLUSIONS: Ca loss was observed by the AAS, with no difference among the three HP concentrations. The FT-Raman and AAS analyses detected MC reduction and Ca loss after HP bleaching.

Molecular and Structural Evaluation of Dentin Caries-Like Lesions Produced by Different Artificial Models

This study evaluated structural and molecular issues of dentin caries-like lesions produced by different artificial models (ACL) compared with natural caries lesions (NCL). One hundred twenty-four sound occlusal dentin blocks and 47 carious blocks were obtained and surface hardness was analyzed (SH1). They were assigned to groups according to ACL: GB: Biological; GC: Chemical; GIS: In situ; GNC: natural caries (control). Blocks from groups 1, 2 and 3 were submitted to caries lesion induction. NCL and ACL blocks were submitted to surface hardness (SH 2), FT-Raman and µEDXRF analysis. All blocks were longitudinally sectioned and one of the halves was submitted to cross-sectional hardness (CSH) and the other to SEM analysis. SH1 and SH2 data were submitted to t test (unpaired and paired, respectively), CSH and SEM data to two-way and one-way ANOVA respectively, and Tukey and t tests, respectively (p<0.05). Data from FT-Raman/µEDXRF were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Dunnett multiple-comparisons test (a=0.05). GB and GNC showed lowest SH2 values that were significantly different from GC and GIS. Regarding CSH, GB and GNC showed no significant difference between them. SEM showed similar caries lesion depth for GB and GNC, being significantly higher than for GC and GIS. µEDXRF showed similar values of calcium and phosphate for GB and GNC; GNC values were significantly different from GIS. No significant difference was found among the groups concerning phosphate, carbonate and CH bonds values. For collagen type I, GC values were significantly different compared to other groups. It may be concluded that caries-like lesions produced by GB were the closest model to NCL.

Este estudo avaliou as características estruturais e moleculares da lesão de cárie artificial em dentina produzidas por diferentes modelos artificiais (LCA) comparados à lesão de cárie natural (LCN). Cento e vinte e quatro blocos de dentina oclusal hígida e 47 blocos cariados foram obtidos e a dureza superficial foi analisada (SH1). Eles foram divididos em grupos de acordo com os modelos de LCA: GB: Biológico; GQ: Químico; GIS: In situ; GCN: lesão de cárie natural (controle). Blocos dos grupos 1, 2 e 3 foram submetidos à produção da lesão de cárie. Blocos de dente contendo LCA e LCN foram submetidos à análise de dureza superficial (SH2), análise FT-Raman e µEDXRF. Em seguida, todos os blocos foram seccionados longitudinalmente e uma das metades foi submetida à análise da dureza transversal (CSH) e outra à análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Dados da SH1 e SH2 foram submetidos ao teste t (não-pareado e pareado, respectivamente). Dados do CSH e MEV foram submetidos à ANOVA a um fator e teste Tukey e ANOVA a um fator e teste t, respectivamente (p<0,05). Dados do FT-raman/µEDXRF foram submetidos a ANOVA a um fator e teste de Dunnett para múltiplas comparações (p<0,05). GB e GCN apresentaram os menores valores de SH2 que foram significativamente diferentes de GC e GIS. Quanto a CSH, GB e GCN mostraram nenhuma diferença significativa entre eles. SEM mostrou profundidade de lesão de cárie semelhante para GB e GCN, sendo significativamente maior que para GC e GIS. µEDXRF mostrou valores similares de cálcio e fosfato para GB e GCN, enquanto os valores do GCN foram significativamente diferentes em relação ao GIS. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os grupos em relação aos valores de fosfato, carbonato e ligações CH. Para o colágeno tipo I, os valores do GC foram significativamente diferentes em comparação aos outros grupos. Pode-se concluir que a cárie artificial produzida pelo GB foi o mais próximo da LCN.

In Vitro assessment of dentin erosion after immersion in acidic beverages: surface profile analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry study

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some acidic drinks on dentin erosion, using methods of surface profile (SP) analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). One hundred standardized dentin slabs obtained from bovine incisor roots were used. Dentin slabs measuring 5x5 mm were ground flat, polished and half of each specimen surface was protected with nail polish. For 60 min, the dentin surfaces were immersed in 50 mL of 5 different drinks (Gatorade®, Del Valle Mais orange juice®, Coca-Cola®, Red Bull® and white wine), 20 blocks in each drink. The pH of each beverage was measured. After the erosive challenge, the nail polish was removed and SP was analyzed. The mineral concentration of dentin surfaces was determined by means of EDXRF. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). SP analysis showed that Red-Bull had the highest erosive potential (p<0.05). EDXRF results exhibited a decrease in phosphate in the groups immersed in Red-Bull, orange juice and white wine (p<0.05), and no significant difference in calcium content between the reference surface and eroded surface. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that all studied beverages promoted erosion on root dentin and Red Bull had the highest erosive potential. There was no correlation between pH of beverages and their erosive potential and only the P content changed after erosive challenge.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de algumas bebidas ácidas sobre a erosão da dentina, utilizando métodos de análise de perfil de superfície (SP) e espectrometria de energia dispersiva de fluorescência de raios X (EDXRF). Cem blocos de dentina padronizados obtidos de raízes de incisivos bovinos foram utilizados. Os blocos de dentina medindo 5x5 mm foram planificados, polidos e metade de cada superfície das amostras foram impermeabilizados com esmalte para unhas. Por 60 min, as superfícies de dentina foram imersas em 50 mL de 5 bebidas diferentes (Gatorade, suco de laranja, Coca-Cola, Red Bull e vinho branco), 20 blocos em cada bebida. O pH de cada bebida foi medido. Após o desafio erosivo, o esmalte de unha foi removido e SP foram analisados. A concentração de minerais das superfícies de dentina foi determinada por meio de EDXRF. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey. (p<0,05). A análise SP mostrou que o Red-Bull apresentou o maior potencial erosivo. Os resultados do EDXRF apresentaram uma diminuição do fosfato dos grupos imersos no Red-Bull, suco de laranja e vinho branco, e não houve diferença significativa no teor de cálcio entre a superfície de referência e a superfície que sofreu erosão. O Red Bull apresentou o maior potencial erosivo sobre a dentina radicular. Não houve correlação entre o pH das bebidas e o seu potencial erosivo.

Influence of the photoinitiator system and light photoactivation units on the degree of conversion of dental composites

The aim of this study was to observe the influence of two light polymerization units (LED or halogen light) on the degree of conversion (DC) of three dental composites with lighter shades and a different photoinitiator system. The top (T) and bottom (B) surfaces of 60 discs of composite resin (Filtek™ Supreme, Filtek™ Z250, Tetric™ Ceram Bleach) cured either by LED or by halogen lamp (HL) were studied using an FT-Raman spectrometer. The degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated by following the changes in the intensity of the methacrylate C=C stretching mode at 1640 cm-1. The calculated DC ranged from 54.2 percent (B) to 73.4 percent (T) and from 60.2 percent (B) to 76.6 percent (T) for the LED and HL, respectively. LED and halogen devices were able to produce an adequate DC for all the resins tested.

Miocardiopatia diabética em diabéticos sem comorbidades / Diabetes cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients without comorbidities

A miocardiopatia diabética tem-se afirmado como diagnóstico etiológico de insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, a elevada frequência de comorbidades, no doente diabético, torna difícil a distinção da contribuição da alteração do metabolismo da glicose na fisiopatologia da insuficiência cardíaca. Objectivo: Estudar a função ventricular esquerda sistólica e diatólica em diabéticos sem comorbidades, com ecocardiografia convencional e Doppler tissular. Métodos: Foram estudados 23 doentes, com idade média de 53 + - 15 anos, sendo 10 mulheres, todos diabéticos, com pelo menos 5 anos de evolução e sem história prévia de insuficiência cardíaca, doença coronária ou hipertensão arterial grave. O grupo controle foi constituído por 18 doentes pareados para sexo e idade. A função sistólica foi avaliada através da fração de ejeção e da V máx da onda A, determinada por Doppler tissular, com amostras nos segmentos septal, lateral, inferior e anterior do anel mitral. A função diastólica foi avaliada pela razão E/A, tempo de desaceleração do fluxo transmitral (Doppler espectral pulsado), pela V máx d onda 'E, razão 'E/A' e 'E/'E obtida por meio do Doppler tissular, nos quatros segmentos anteriormente referidos. Foram avaliaddas as diferenças...

Immediate intra and post-surgery complications of the orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs

Objective: to analyze immediate organic modifications and complications subsequent to orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs. Method: fourteen female pigs, specie Sus domesticus, were utilized in this study, with body mass between 5 and 8 Kg, considering that we evaluated the main immediate intra and post-surgery complications of the liver transplantation. Results: in the donor, we highlighted as the main complication the occurrence of bleedings, considering that this was observed in all procedures. In addition, such situation occurred during surgery involving the receptor, in which the bleeding was also perceived as the most frequent complication. However, it is valid to highlight that the hemodynamic instability was present in 5 procedures involving the receptor. Conclusion: among trans surgery complications we may cite: difficulty of oro-tracheal intubation, intra surgery hemorrhages, hemodynamic and respiratory instability and anesthetic complications. In the immediate post-surgery, thus, we observed as the most frequent complications: hemodynamic instability and small anastomotic bleedings

Objetivo: analisar as modificações orgânicas e complicações imediatas subseqüentes ao transplante hepático ortotópico em suínos. Método: foram utilizados no estudo, 14 porcos fêmeas espécie Sus domesticus, com massa corporal entre 5 e 8 Kg, sendo que avaliou-se as principais complicações intra e pós-operatórias imediatas no transplante hepático. Resultados: no doador, destacou-se a ocorrência de sangramentos como principal complicação, tendo em vista que esta foi observada em todos os procedimentos. Tal situação também ocorreu no ato cirúrgico envolvendo o receptor, no qual se percebeu o sangramento como a complicação, também, mais freqüente. Entretanto é valido destacar a instabilidade hemodinâmica, que esteve presente em 5 procedimentos envolvendo o receptor. Conclusão: dentre as complicações trans operatórias podem ser citadas: dificuldade de intubação oro-traqueal, hemorragias intra operatórias, instabilidade hemodinâmica e respiratória e complicações anestésicas. Já no pós-operatório imediato observamos como complicações mais frequentes: instabilidade hemodinâmica e pequenos sangramentos anastomóticos.

Spatial and temporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae in a subtropical coastal lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

This study investigated the variation in abundance, distribution and composition of ichthyoplankton in a lagoon in southern Brazil through the year and at different stations within the lagoon. Ibiraquera Lagoon is a shallow coastal lagoon connected to the sea by a semi-permanent sandbar. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected monthly from December 2003 to December 2004, with a 200 µm mesh net using horizontal surface hauls. A colder, drier period was detected, contrasting with warm months during which salinity varied depending on rainfall and whether the sandbar was open or closed. The mean abundance of ichthyoplankton over the study period was 459.6 ± 76.2 (SE) eggs · 100 m-3 and 63.6 ± 7.9 (SE) larvae · 100 m-3, and they were present during all months. Significantly higher abundances of eggs and larvae were observed during warm months. The community was dominated by the family Engraulidae followed by Clupeidae, Gobiidae and Mugilidae. Engraulidae and Clupeidae were present throughout the year, with greater abundances in months with higher temperatures. Some coastal fish species spawn in Ibiraquera Lagoon, mainly near to the sandbar, demonstrating that the lagoon is a spawning area for coastal stock. We recommend the establishment of environmental procedures to promote the conservation of Ibiraquera Lagoon and its ichthyoplankton community.

A abundância, distribuição e composição do ictioplâncton foram investigadas em uma lagoa no sul do Brasil durante um ano e em diferentes estações dentro da lagoa. A lagoa de Ibiraquera é uma lagoa costeira rasa, conectada ao mar através de uma barra semi-permanente. As amostras de ictioplâncton foram coletadas mensalmente entre dezembro de 2003 e dezembro de 2004, com uma rede cônico-cilíndrica de 200 µm de malha em arrastos horizontais e de superfície. Foi detectado um período frio e seco em contraste aos meses quentes e com variação na salinidade em função das chuvas e da barra estar aberta ou fechada. A abundância média do ictioplâncton, durante o período de estudo, foi de 459,6 ± 76,2 (SE) ovos · 100 m-3 e 63,6 ± 7,9 (SE) larvas · 100 m-3, e ocorreram em todos os meses. As abundâncias de ovos e larvas foram significativamente maiores nos meses quentes. A comunidade foi dominada pela família Engraulidae seguida pelas famílias Clupeidae, Gobiidae e Mugilidae. As famílias Engraulidae e Clupeidae ocorreram principalmente nos meses com maiores temperaturas. Alguns peixes costeiros desovam dentro da lagoa, principalmente próximo a barra, evidenciando que a lagoa é uma área de desova para o estoque costeiro. Recomenda-se o estabelecimento de ações ambientais que promovam a conservação da lagoa de Ibiraquera e da comunidade ictioplanctônica.

Trauma hepático: epidemiologia de cinco anos em um serviço de emergência / Hepatic trauma: five years of epidemiology in an emergency department

OBJETIVO: analisar características epidemiológicas relacionadas ao trauma hepático e fazer breve revisão das modalidades diagnósticas e de tratamento. MÉTODO: estudo retrospectivo de fevereiro/2002 a maio/2007 através de prontuários de 154 pacientes admitidos com trauma hepático no Hospital Universitário Cajuru (HUC). RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 90,26 por cento das vítimas de trauma hepático do sexo masculino e a média de idade de 26,28 anos. Quanto ao mecanismo de trauma, 72,73 por cento foram por trauma penetrante, sendo que destes, 55,84 por cento foram por arma de fogo e 16,88 por cento por arma branca; e 27,27 por cento por trauma contuso, no qual 73,81 por cento envolveram colisões por veículos automotores e 26,49 por cento outros. Na admissão o período de 0h - 12h foi o de maior prevalência, a média da pressão arterial foi de 117,6/72,3 mmHg, da freqüência cardíaca de 99,03 bpm e do Glasgow de 13,6. O tempo decorrido entre a admissão e a realização da primeira cirurgia foi de menos de 2 horas em 60,43 por cento. Verificou-se maior incidência da lesão Grau II, seguida da Grau III e IV (totalizando 88,3 por cento). As lesões cirúrgicas associadas foram encontradas em mais de 75 por cento dos casos. O ISS médio foi de 15,09, 19,85, 27,83, 35,47 e 40,93 e a sobrevida de 100 por cento, 88,88 por cento, 81,25 por cento, 48,48 por cento e 22,23 por cento nas lesões grau I, II, III, IV e V, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: os dados epidemiológicos encontrados neste estudo refletem a violência na sociedade moderna, que se traduz com aumento da complexidade das lesões encontradas e constitui desafio para decisão da melhor conduta terapêutica.

BACKGROUND: We analyze the epidemiological characteristics related to hepatic trauma, and we do a brief review of the different types in diagnosis and management. METHODS: A retrospective study from February 2002 to March 2007. One hundred fifty four patients were admitted at Cajuru University Hospital with hepatic trauma. RESULTS: We found that 90.26 percent of hepatic trauma victims were male with average age of 26.28 years old. Hepatic no blunt traumas were 72.73 percent. Among these, 55.54 percent were firearm traumas and 16.88 percent were caused by stab wounds. Blunt traumas were responsible by automobile collisions in 73.81 percent, and 26.49 percent were by other mechanisms. Most patients arrived at the hospital between 12:00 A.M. to 12:00 P.M. The average blood pressure was 117.6/72.3 mmHg, the average cardiac frequency was 99.03bpm and the Glasgow average was 13.6. In 60.43 percent of the cases, the time gap between admission and surgery took less than 2 hours. The most frequent lesions were related to a second degree followed by 3rd and 4th degree lesions reaching 88.3 percent of the cases. Associated lesions treated surgically were found in more than 75 percent of the cases. The average ISS was 15.09, 19.85, 27.83, 35.47, and 40.93 percent. The survival rate was 100, 88.88, 81.85, 48.88, and 22.23 percent in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th degree lesions, respectively. CONCLUSION: The epidemiological data reflect modern society violence, which is translated by the increasing complexity in lesions found, and it has been a challenge for the surgeon to choose the best therapeutic method.

Molecular analysis of Er: YAG laser irradiation on dentin

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar por espectroscopia Raman, os componentes mineral e orgânico da dentina humana antes e após o condicionamento ácido e a irradiação com laser de Er:YAG. Seis discos de dentina foram obtidos de 6 terceiros molares humanos hígidos após remoção da superfície oclusal. Cada disco foi dividido em quatro regiões (quadrantes) de tratamento: condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 37% (controle), irradiação com laser de Er:YAG (KaVo Key Laser II) com 80 mJ, 3 Hz, 30 s (grupo I); 120 mJ, 3 Hz, 30 s (grupo II) e 180 mJ, 3 Hz, 30 s (grupo III). Os espectros Raman da dentina normal e tratada foram analisados e os componentes mineral e orgânico foram avaliados. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística pela ANOVA e teste de Tukey com intervalo de confiança de 95%. O conteúdo mineral e orgânico foi menos afetado nos grupos controle e I (p>0,05). O grupo II apresentou maior redução no conteúdo mineral (p<0,01) enquanto que a irradiação com laser Er:YAG 180 mJ (grupo III) reduziu mais o conteúdo inorgânico (p<0,05) e orgânico (p<0,01). A espectroscopia Raman forneceu informações dos conteúdos químicos da dentina sem preparação química dos espécimes.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of children hospitalized with severe rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in Salvador, BA, Brazil

Little is known about the epidemiology of severe rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in Brazil. Given the morbidity associated with this condition and the importance of having detailed knowledge about the impact of rotavirus infection on the epidemiology of acute diarrhea in children, especially those with the most severe diarrheal conditions, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all pediatric patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Salvador, Brazil, due to rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis during one year. It was observed that rotavirus was responsible for 15.6 percent of the hospitalizations caused by diarrhea and/or vomiting during the period of the study and that 87 of 218 (39.1 percent) patients seen at the emergency room with rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis needed to be hospitalized, comprising the population of our study. Most patients presented signs of dehydration, and 41 percent of them had metabolic acidosis. Most patients (79 percent) were between six months and four years of age and 72 percent of the cases occurred in June and July. Gastrointestinal symptoms were rarely present at the beginning of the clinical presentation, and they normally did not last for more than one week.

Physicochemical properties of three food proteins treated with transglutaminase

Três fontes protéicas alimentares foram tratadas com transglutaminase microbiana (EC 2.3.2.13) e as características físico-químicas como reatividade, solubilidade, emulsificação e grupos amino livres dos polímeros formados foram avaliadas. Amostras de caseína láctea (CL), proteína isolada de soja (PIS) e de proteína animal hidrolisada (PAH), foram incubadas com a enzima por uma ou duas horas. CL e PIS mostraram uma redução na solubilidade de 15% e 24% respectivamente, enquanto PAH não sofreu alteração de solubilidade. A quantidade de nitrogênio livre na forma amina apresentou uma redução de 7%, 3% e 2% para PAH, CL e PIS respectivamente. CL e PIS demonstraram baixa atividade emulsificante quando tratadas enzimaticamente, porém as emulsões formadas se mostraram estáveis, em contraste com PAH que não alterou suas propriedades emulsificantes.

Tumores malignos de pálpebra / Malignant eyelid tumors

Objetivo: Estudar a incidência de tumores malignos de pálpebra no Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo dos casos de tumores malignos de pálpebras no período de 1985 a 1997, que tiveram disgnóstico confirmado por exame anátomo-patológico. Resultados: Foram encontradas 54 neoplasias malignas, sendo 75,92 por cento carcinoma basocelular, 12, 96 por cento carcinoma espinocelular, 7,40 por cento melanoma e 1,85 por cento lentigo maligna. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava mais de 40 anos e näo houve prevalência de sexo. Conclusöes: O tumor de pálpebra mais frequente em nosso meio foi o carcinoma basocelular, seguido do carcinoma espinocelular. O melanoma foi o terceiro em frequência mais encontrado em nossa pesquisa.

Síndrome de Sjögren da forma primária / Sjögren's syndrome in the primary form

Os autores descrevem o caso de uma paciente com ceratoconjuntivite seca, apresentando características da síndrome de Sjörgren. Comentam o manejo de pacientes com esta síndrome e a importância de sua avaliação e acompanhamento oftalmológico